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Greenhouse Gases - Selected Case Studies, is a book which covers a range of topics. The long term effective management of the natural environment, requires a detailed understanding of greenhouse gases. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. Numerical models are often the tool and framework used for predicting the effects, both in the long-term and short-term, of greenhouse gases. However, the relevant atmospheric processes can vary quite considerably depending upon the spatial and temporal scales under consideration. For this reason for the past few decades, scientists, engineers, meteorologists and mathematicians have all been continuing to conduct research into the many aspects which influence greenhouse gases. These issues range from: industrial science, agricultural research, carbon dioxide and other emissions. This book reports the findings from recent research in greenhouse gases, primarily in the the form of case studies, particularly from an interdisciplinary perspective. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in areas such as: energy production, emissions from livestock, chemical industry, and metallurgical process technology.
Greenhouse gases. --- GHGs (Greenhouse gases) --- Heat-trapping gases --- Gases --- Meteorology & climatology
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This book examines the meteorological phenomenon known as Western Disturbances (WDs) and traces their influence on the Indian subcontinent. It fully details the unique characteristics and dynamics of these disturbances, which produce large-scale instabilities in the atmosphere over northern India due to the orographic influence of the Himalayas. The authors first present a definition of the phenomenon and then go on to detail their structure and migration. Topics include dynamics, energetics and thermodynamics; modelling studies; land-use and land-cover interactions; and WDs in the changing climate. In addition, coverage outlines how WDs interact with and influence other weather systems throughout the four seasons of Indian climate: winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon. It places special emphasis on wintertime dynamics since WDs significantly contribute to the precipitation in India during this time. The authors explain why this period should be termed "Indian winter monsoon" and differentiate it from the northeast monsoon which so far is the prevalent term used in the region's meteorological parlance. Complete with detailed illustrations and case studies, this monograph will help researchers and students gain a fundamental understanding of these important storms. This knowledge is essential not only for short–term and seasonal hydrometeorological forecasting but also for the assessment of regional climate change and its impacts.
Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology --- Aerology --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Atmospheric science --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Meteorology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Atmospheric sciences
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Climate change is one of the most controversial and misunderstood issues of the 21st century. This book provides a clear understanding of the issue by presenting scientific facts to refute falsehoods and misinformation--and to confirm the validity of other assertions.
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This second edition explores some of the latest techniques used to provide forecasts for a wide range of water-related applications in areas such as floods, droughts, water resources and environmental impacts. The practical uses can range from decisions on whether to issue a flood warning through to providing longer-term advice such as on when to plant and harvest crops or how to operate reservoirs for water supply and hydropower schemes. It provides an introduction to the topic for practitioners and researchers and useful background for courses in areas such as civil engineering, water resources, meteorology and hydrology. As in the first edition, the first section considers topics such as monitoring and forecasting techniques, demand forecasting and how forecasts are interpreted when issuing warnings or advice. Separate chapters are now included for meteorological and catchment monitoring techniques allowing a more in-depth discussion of topics such as weather radar and water quality observations. The chapters on meteorological and hydrological forecasting now include a greater emphasis on rainfall forecasting and ensemble and probabilistic techniques. Regarding the interpretation of forecasts, an updated chapter discusses topics such as approaches to issuing warnings and the use of decision support systems and risk-based techniques. Given the rapid pace of development in flash flood forecasting techniques, flash floods and slower responding riverine floods are now considered in separate chapters. This includes more detail on forecasting floods in large river basins and on methods for providing early warnings of debris flows, surface water flooding and ice jam and dam break floods. Later chapters now include more information on developing areas such as environmental modelling and seasonal flow forecasting. As before examples of operational systems are provided throughout and the extensive sets of references which were a feature of the first edition have been revised and updated. Key themes • floods • droughts • meteorological observations • catchment monitoring • meteorological forecasts • hydrological forecasts • demand forecasts • reservoirs • water resources • water quality • decision support • data assimilation • probabilistic forecasts Kevin Sene is a civil engineer and researcher with wide experience in flood risk management, water resources and hydrometeorology. He has previously published books on flood warning, forecasting and emergency response and flash floods (Springer 2008, 2013).
Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Hydrometeorology. --- Hydrodynamic weather forecasting. --- Dynamic weather forecasting --- Hydrodynamics --- Weather forecasting --- Hydrology --- Meteorology --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Hydrology/Water Resources. --- Meteorology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Hydrology. --- Aerology --- Atmospheric science --- Aquatic sciences --- Earth sciences --- Hydrography --- Water --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere
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The work is aimed at the review of hot topics in modern light scattering and radiative transfer. A special attention will be given to the description of the methods of integro-differential radiative transfer equation solution. In particular, the asymptotic radiative transfer and the method of discrete ordinates will be considered. A comprehensive review of light absorption in the terrestrial atmosphere will be given as well. The inverse problem solution will be reviewed as well.
Light -- Scattering. --- Radiative transfer. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Light --- Scattering. --- Light scattering --- Scattering of light --- Transfer, Radiative --- Astrophysics --- Geophysics --- Heat --- Radiation --- Transport theory --- Diffusion --- Particles --- Reflection (Optics) --- Refraction --- Scattering (Physics) --- Radiation and absorption --- Oceanography. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Oceanography, Physical --- Oceanology --- Physical oceanography --- Thalassography --- Earth sciences --- Marine sciences --- Ocean --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Dynamics --- Physics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere
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This book is a new and revised second edition of the book ‘The Climate of the Arctic’, published in 2003. It presents a comprehensive analysis of the current state of knowledge related to the climate of the Arctic, using the latest meteorological data. All meteorological elements are described in detail and an up-to-date review of the available literature for each element is given. Climatic regions are distinguished and described. The monograph also provides an account of the present state of research on climate change and variability in the Arctic for three time scales: the Holocene, the last Millennium, and the instrumental period. The book concludes with a presentation of the scenarios of the Arctic climate in the 21st century. This monograph is intended for all those with a general interest in the fields of meteorology, climatology, and with a knowledge of the application of statistics in these areas.
Meteorologi --- Klimatologi --- Klima --- Arktis --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology --- Arctic regions --- Climate. --- Aerology --- Arctic --- Arctic Ocean Region --- Arctic, The --- Far North --- The Arctic --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Polar regions --- Atmospheric science --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Climatology. --- Meteorology. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Climate --- Climate science --- Climate sciences --- Science of climate --- Atmospheric sciences
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The book outlines principal milestones in the evolution of the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere during the last 4 million years in relation with the evolution from primates to the genus Homo – which uniquely mastered the ignition and transfer of fire. The advent of land plants since about 420 million years ago ensued in flammable carbon-rich biosphere interfaced with an oxygen-rich atmosphere. Born on a flammable Earth surface, under increasingly unstable climates descending from the warmer Pliocene into the deepest ice ages of the Pleistocene, human survival depended on both—biological adaptations and cultural evolution, mastering fire as a necessity. This allowed the genus to increase entropy in nature by orders of magnitude. Gathered around camp fires during long nights for hundreds of thousandth of years, captivated by the flickering life-like dance of the flames, humans developed imagination, insights, cravings, fears, premonitions of death and thereby aspiration for immortality, omniscience, omnipotence and the concept of god. Inherent in pantheism was the reverence of the Earth, its rocks and its living creatures, contrasted by the subsequent rise of monotheistic sky-god creeds which regard Earth as but a corridor to heaven. Once the climate stabilized in the early Holocene, since about ~7000 years-ago production of excess food by Neolithic civilization along the Great River Valleys has allowed human imagination and dreams to express themselves through the construction of monuments to immortality. Further to burning large part of the forests, the discovery of combustion and exhumation of carbon from the Earth’s hundreds of millions of years-old fossil biospheres set the stage for an anthropogenic oxidation event, affecting an abrupt shift in state of the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere system. The consequent ongoing extinction equals the past five great mass extinctions of species—constituting a geological event horizon in the history of planet Earth.
Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Human evolution. --- Human beings --- Effect of climate on. --- Climatology --- Acclimatization --- Medical climatology --- Evolution (Biology) --- Physical anthropology --- Evolutionary psychology --- Origin --- Anthropology. --- Archaeology. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Biogeosciences. --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Climatic factors --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Environmental sciences. --- Geobiology. --- Biology --- Earth sciences --- Biosphere --- Environmental science --- Science --- Atmospheric sciences --- Atmosphere --- Primitive societies --- Social sciences
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Ongoing climate change necessitates advances in our understanding of the interrelationships between climate, landscape-shaping processes and human activity over long time periods, especially in areas that are already climatically stressed. This volume presents new ideas on macroscale landscape evolution; mountain, fluvial and aeolian processes; and environments in southern Africa, a key region in the story of human evolution during the last two million years. Interdisciplinary in scope, it brings together an international team of experts to synthesise the latest research and understanding of landscape-human relationships in this region. It incorporates results from the emerging fields of geoarchaeology and cultural landscapes and utilises the latest data and analytical techniques. A key reference for researchers studying hominid evolution, geoarchaeology and environmental change, it provides a benchmark study of southern African landscape evolution during the Quaternary. It will also appeal to professionals and policymakers with interests in future human-landscape evolution in southern Africa.
Paleoclimatology --- Climatic changes --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Geologic climate --- Palaeoclimatology --- Paleoclimate --- Environmental aspects --- Climates, Quaternary --- Quaternary climates --- Quaternary climatology --- Quaternary paleoclimatology --- Quaternary Period --- Global environmental change
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This book deals with one of the major challenges facing human society and its governments, climate change and variability. The principal objective of the book is to explore how agricultural production through the actions primarily of farmers, including peasant farmers, adapt to these changing circumstances, what the limitations of adaptation are, how the process of adaptation varies between different territories (e.g. developed countries versus developing countries), and what are or can be the most effective roles for actors other than the farmers, including different levels of government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as professional associations of farmers and community organizations. The principal argument is threefold: 1) while there are significant differences between territories and countries in terms of the capacity of farmers (and the other actors) to engage in capacity building to be able to adapt effectively to climate change and variability, 2) the critical roles are those played out by the farmers themselves, but that 3) other actors can play an important role in accompanying farmers in their adaptation process, providing relevant and strategic information, counseling them and facilitating networking and meetings when appropriate. This effectively means that without engaging in the local adaptation processes governments can really only play effective roles by working with other actors at the local and regional levels. When it occurs, it can be very effective, but when it does not, farmers are left to their own devices (and even then, many are able to use their own creativity and local knowledge to survive and continue to develop). Essentially therefore, the secondary argument that is followed throughout the book is that adaptation is essentially a social process that requires an understanding of social processes and dynamics in each farming community and territory. It involves an understanding, for instance, of information diffusion processes in the different farming communities and territories, which provides a set of tools to promote and facilitate the adoption process in the context of adaptation to climate change and variability.
Meteorology. Climatology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Agronomy --- Agriculture. Animal husbandry. Hunting. Fishery --- Production management --- environment --- landbouw --- landbouwbeleid --- creativiteit --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- klimaatverandering --- broeikaseffect --- Climate change. --- Sustainable development. --- Agricultural economics. --- Agriculture. --- Agricultura --- Agricultura sostenible. --- Canvis climàtics. --- Climate Change. --- Climate Change Management and Policy. --- Sustainable Development. --- Agricultural Economics. --- Aspectes ambientals. --- Aspectes econòmics.
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This book presents conceptual and empirical discussions of adaptation to climate change/variability in West Africa. Highlighting different countries’ experiences in adaptation by different socio-economic groups and efforts at building their adaptive capacity, it offers readers a holistic understanding of adaptation on the basis of contextual and generic sources of adaptive capacity. Focusing on adaptation to climate change/variability is critical because the developmental challenges West Africa faces are increasingly intertwined with its climate history. Today, climate change is a major developmental issue for agrarian rural communities with high percentages of the population earning a living directly or indirectly from the natural environment. This makes them highly vulnerable to climate-driven ecological change, in addition to threats in the broader political economic context. It is imperative that rural people adapt to climate change, but their ability to successfully do so may be limited by competing risks and vulnerabilities. As such, elucidating those vulnerabilities and sources of strength with regard to the adaptive capacities needed to support successful adaptation and avoid maladaptation is critical for future policy formulation. Though the empirical discussion is geographically based on West Africa, its applicability in terms of the processes, structures, needs, strategies, and recommendations for policy transcends the region and provides useful lessons for understanding adaptation broadly in the developing world.
Klimatiltak --- Utviklingsgeografi --- Klimaendringer --- Bygdesamfunn --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Vest-Afrika --- Climatic changes --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Environmental aspects --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Africa, West --- Africa, Western --- West Africa --- Western Africa --- Rural conditions. --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Climatic changes. --- Agriculture. --- Climate Change. --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Climate change. --- Global environmental change
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